Viking, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. Date: 28 March 2008: Source: Own work: Author: Lampman: Other. The purposes behind ancient Viking trade routes between Greenland and northern Europe have remained largely mysterious. Many of these slaves came from the British Isles and Eastern Europe. Trade Routes of the Middle Ages 16 September - 30 September 2024. what were your favorite excursions (included or not. Call Viking at 1-866-984-5464. Viking Jupiter Float Out. That it is a very ancient land as is evidenced by discovery of fossils, some over 400 million years old. Incredible cruise on viking trade routes. The two main trade routes were via the Dnieper River down. Melissa Snell. 5. There are traces of the Tjelvar, or Palaeolithic, people who arrived 7,000 years ago. Viking Expansion AR Vector. Viking Ocean Ships 360° Tour. Trade Routes of the Middle Ages. 0. The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century. Airport transfers included with Viking purchased Air (to and from cruise terminal) on cruise dates. *Viking Air offer applies to select Canadian gateways. Between 650 and 850 AD, West Slavic tribes settled in Pomerania. Discover imaginative architecture, impressive Spanish dishes and beautiful excursions into nature when you cruise to Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia. 3. Most medieval Europeans were ignorant of other places in the world. Join us in 2023 on board our newest ocean vessel, Viking Neptune, as we set sail from Los Angeles to explore the world’s most iconic destinations during a 121-day journey of grand discovery. You can feast on the finest Mediterranean cuisine and delve into the history of art in France and Italy with a cruise to Europe. MENU CALL. Offer AES23: Offer valid on bookings made from Apr 7 to Apr 30, 2023. This dynasty controlled a. Join Viking Chairman Torstein Hagen and Norwegian soprano Sissel Kyrkjebø, the ship’s godmother, as they celebrate this major construction milestone. Dan Jones. There was a large variety, mostly based on much older, conservative designs. Raiding someone else before they could get to you might mean extra food, silver, and gold for status, jewelry, to pay for food and other goods, and slaves. Join Viking Chairman Torstein Hagen and Norwegian soprano Sissel Kyrkjebø, the ship’s godmother, as they celebrate this major construction milestone. In the Middle Ages, trade networks brought about the cultural and economic exchange between distant. Free stateroom upgrade within category, Veranda to Deluxe Veranda (V2-DV1) and Penthouse Veranda (PV3-PV1) plus free international airfare valid on Jun & Sep 2023 departures of Trade Routes of the Middle Ages. Two Viking ships were found by archaeologists on farms in Norway. In fact, as François-Xavier Fauvelle reveals, it was a shining period in which great African cultures flourished. png 994 × 967; 441 KB. With the decline of Mongol power, control over trade routes was. Trade Routes of the Middle Ages. You can explore its cobblestone streets. Explore three of Europe’s most picturesque cities: Amsterdam, Bruges and Paris. Guilds became. 96: 0. See details and pricing for the Viking Mars 14 Night Trade Routes of the Middle Ages Cruise sailing May 28, 2022 from Barcelona. People living in the Viking Age were farmers, but they would also venture out to travel as Vikings and look. The wanderings of the Germanic peoples, which lasted until the early Middle Ages and destroyed the Western Roman Empire, were, together with the migrations of the Slavs, formative elements of the distribution of peoples in modern Europe. Every itinerary includes daily cultural enrichment,. Cruise on the Viking ship Viking Saturn: Trade Routes of The Middle Ages. Product name. As part of the event, the ship’s ceremonial godmother, Ann Ziff, the esteemed philanthropist and Chairman of the Metropolitan Opera, a longtime Viking cultural partner, offered a. Viking Jupiter Float Out. Venetian trade (XI – XIII century) March 31, 2017. Read all the details about the Trade Routes of the Middle Ages ocean cruise. A map illustrating the interconnectivity and extent of the global trade networks at the onset of the 13th century after the centuries of decline and isolation following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Write a Review. Book Viking Oceans online or call 1-800-427-8473 – iCruise. Seizing upon the opportunity to enrich themselves, the Vikings came into contact with Arabic wealth and treasures through their raids, and soon realized the potential of a peaceful trade exchange. However, if the target showed strong resistance and refused to give up, Vikings. On line chat replied 'I have been told that they could be loaded in anytime between tomorrow and Friday. Call for details. 2 Franks. Penned by an Icelandic chronicler, Snorri Sturluson, the History is an important source on the Vikings, who held Europe in thrall from the eighth to the 11th centuries. Romanesque art was the first of two great international artistic eras that flourished in Europe during the Middle Ages. Europe by cartographer Abraham Ortelius in 1595. The Middle Ages cover the 1,000-year period from the fall of the Roman Empire (roughly 400 CE) to the beginning of the Renaissance (1400 CE). The Viking Trade Routes: The Vikings, renowned seafarers of the Middle Ages, developed extensive trade routes spanning from their homelands in Scandinavia to destinations as far as North America in the West and the Byzantine Empire in the East. Vikings and other raiders of Eastern Europe. 30 and 11. At a time when few people. Check out Cruise Critic's expert review of the Viking Jupiter cruise ship for the best insider tips on deck plans, cabins, food, entertainment and more. It also shows the complex routes already available to Africa. But as it turns out, the archetypal image of Vikings is wrong,. With the exception of Bruges, all of the ports will be new for us. 138 747. You can feast on the finest Mediterranean cuisine and delve into the history of art in France and Italy with a cruise to Europe. Looking to replace our cancelled 2020 cruise by booking the 'Trade Routes of the Middle Ages" in ' April 2021. Romanesque architecture emerged about 1000 and lasted until about 1150, by which time it had evolved into Gothic. Explore England from Portsmouth and Falmouth. 08 Nov 2023. I did the Viking Homelands cruise with a pre-extension in Stockholm and a post-extension in Iceland. By: History. In 2011, hikers in the snowy mountains of central Norway came across a 1700-year-old wool tunic, likely belonging to a Roman-era hypothermia victim. Menu. Ship: Viking Jupiter. See details and pricing for the Viking Mars 14 Night Trade Routes of the Middle Ages Cruise sailing May 28, 2022 from Barcelona. Vikings is the modern name given to seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded and settled throughout parts of Europe. These groups are called medieval guilds. com. trade routes of the middle ages viking | trade routes of the middle ages viking | trade routes of the middle ages viking cruise | viking trade routes of the mid. Ship. Editor Rating. Complement your travel experience with our selection of films highlighting your destinations. It lasted from about ad 500 to about 1500. FREE CALL. Introduction. Book Viking Oceans online or call 1-800-427-8473 – iCruise. Trade Routes of the Middle Ages. Terms. Transcript. They would capture and enslave women and young men while pillaging Anglo-Saxon, Celtic and Slavic. The first Nordic trade country probably from about 700, when a lot of trade posts over all Baltic see area were started by Gutic people. Discover Europe’s historic trade cities and see how global commerce shaped European culture from Bergen to Barcelona. Cabin type: Balcony. Just an FYI, the age limit is 18 years old. In the Early Middle Ages (c. They came to mark it as the official start of the Viking Age, when Norse raiders ranged as far as the southern Mediterranean and northern Asia, before seemingly fading out some 250 years later. e. There has been much debate among scholars about the role and status of Viking women. Read all the details about the Trade Routes of the Middle Ages ocean cruise. Our intimate, inclusive itineraries are designed to help you explore nuances of your destination: its food, culture, people and customs. Viking Venus of Viking Ocean Cruises. California CST# 2069091-50, Washington UBI# 601554183Vikings traded and raided throughout Europe and as far as the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East. Call on England from the historic ports of Portsmouth and Falmouth and admire the neoclassical. One archaeologist has discovered that Viking women made a highly standardized cloth that was valued as a currency. The Vikings were notorious raiders, but they were traders too, establishing vast trade routes that flourished from the 8th to 11th centuries. Silk went westward. Most of the goods that made their way between Europe, Russia and the Middle East followed Viking trade routes. The duration of the excursion is 10. Journey along timeless trade routes. List the new technological inventions from China in the Middle Ages. Cruise on the Viking ship Viking Saturn: Trade Routes of The Middle Ages. 870, a Carolingian Gospel book. Product country. Trace medieval routes of commerce during a fascinating 15-day cruise bookended by enriching overnight stays in Bergen and Barcelona. Viking activity in the British Isles occurred during the Early Middle Ages, the 8th to the 11th centuries CE, when Scandinavians travelled to the British Isles to raid, conquer, settle and trade. Trace medieval routes of commerce during a fascinating 15-day cruise bookended by enriching overnight stays in Bergen and Barcelona. Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages covers the History of Pomerania from the 7th to the 11th centuries. Trade Routes Of. The diffusion of crops and pathogens, including epidemic diseases like the bubonic plague, often occured along trade routes. All cruises through May 31, 2021 have been cancelled. Explore three of. Call on England from the historic ports of Portsmouth and Falmouth and admire the neoclassical. A. This futhark has only 16. But this Viking Age change resulted in. During the Middle Ages, while Europe fought, traded, explored and evolved, Africa was a continent in darkness, 'without history' – or so the traditional western narrative runs. Trace medieval routes of commerce during a fascinating 15-day cruise bookended by enriching overnight stays in Bergen and Barcelona. The cruise from Bergen, Norway. 7: 1917: 95: viking trade routes of the middle ages cruise: 1. Cruise Line:. 38: 1: 6003: 50: viking trade routes of the middle ages voyage: 1. A Viking River ship sails along the Middle Rhine past Katz castle. Viking - Trade. They later became known as the Rus or. The route from the Baltic Sea. 55: 0. By Danièle Cybulskie. Von New member. Reviews. A brief overview of the island’s history explains why you can feel as though you have stepped back in time. 3. Call on England from the historic ports of Portsmouth and Falmouth and admire the. Read all the details about the Trade Routes of the Middle Ages ocean cruise. Our on board experience was great while on-shore experience before and after the cruise was the worst. 476-1000), long-established pagan beliefs and practices entwined with those of the new religion so that many people who would have identified as Christian would not have been considered so by. Prices are in US dollars and for US residents only. . 98: 1: 6847: 12: viking trade routes of the middle ages review: 0. As a result, the coins mark Viking trade routes like shiny silver bread crumbs. Cruise on the Viking ship Viking Saturn: Trade Routes of The Middle Ages. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, according to Marika Mägi (In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age. Find ports, excursions, and attractions featured on this Viking cruise. Europeans mainly wanted to find better trade routes to China, India, and Southeast Asia. In the lives of real medieval people, global travel typically fell into the categories of religious pilgrimage, warfare (i. Weapons indicated the social status of a Viking, and warfare and violence were heavily influenced by pagan. In this collection, we look at trade in Europe, West Africa, the Byzantine Empire, the Swahili. Marco Polo’s. 4 Pages. January 26, 2015. and 600 B. Learn More. Our intimate, inclusive itineraries are designed to help you explore nuances of your destination: its food, culture, people and customs. 12. Key Concepts:. Beautiful Bergen, Norway's former capital, is a perfect city to explore on foot. He used Christianity to help unite the people. The Christian church played an important part in the history of the Middle Ages. Between the eighth and eleventh centuries, Scandinavian peoples—often referred to as Vikings—traveled widely, both raiding and trading. The main source of revenue for the empire stemmed from commerce and particularly from Khazar control of the east-west trade route that linked the Far East with Byzantium and. Routes through Slavic territories used for the slave trade: Volga trade route from the Vikings to the Muslim Middle East (red), trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (blue) – and other trade routes of the 8th–11th centuries (orange). Bergen, an ancient city with deep Viking roots, is nestled between gargantuan snowcapped mountains, magnificent fjords, and one of Europe's largest glaciers. From my invoice for my April cruise, Trade Routes of the MIddle Ages, I was to be able to book shore excursions starting at 8 PM pacific time on Jan 10, 2022. Call for details. , a time of high mobility and growing trade across Scandinavia and Europe,” says study co-author James Barrett, an. Posted on 18 September 2023. Both ships were buried in Viking funerals between. Best cruise ever. It began with the Vikings’ brief stint in. The Silk Road (Chinese: 絲綢之路) was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. r/MedievalHistory. viking trade routes of the middle ages: 1. This will be our 2nd Viking ocean cruise (coming up in September 2020). Book online and enjoy exclusive savings on Viking's 15 Day Trade Routes of the Middle Ages beginning your journey in Bergen and travelling through to Barcelona. Article by Joshua J. Mark. Forums. English; Not logged in; Talk;. 14 Night Trade Routes Of The Middle Ages (Barcelona To Bergen) Sail date: April 07, 2022. Study sets, textbooks, questions. Founded in 1070 on what was a Viking settlement, Bergen is the second-largest city in Norway. Media in category "Maps of the Viking Age" The following 139 files are in this category, out of 139 total. Bruges’s early textile trade made it one of the wealthiest trading towns in the world, and the world’s most important port. Erupting out of Scandinavia in the eighth century AD, the Vikings dominated northern Europe, but their influence stretched as far as Russia, Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. The map above is probably the most detailed map of Medieval Trade Routes in Europe, Asia and Africa in the 11th and 12th centuries you can find online. A Viking Age depiction from the Tjängvide image stone, on Gotland. 6: 3091: 60: viking trade routes of the. Trace medieval routes of commerce during a fascinating 15-day cruise bookended by enriching overnight stays in Bergen and Barcelona. Sign upThe retreat of melting glaciers has revealed a lost mountain pass in Norway – complete with hundreds of Viking artifacts strewn along it, according to a new study. There are NO shore excursions showing on any dates for the cruise. Post: The Best of Norway & Scenic Train. SIGN UP. e) there were few role distinctions between. The relationship between environment and trade during the Viking Era. Embarking from Barcelona, Spain. Trade played a major role in the Viking expansion as many trades ended up as raids. Suite. Get a panoramic look at our award-winning, all-veranda ocean ships. Gothic art was the second of two great international eras that flourished in western and central Europe. REQUEST A QUOTE. A new study reveals some of those connections spanned surprisingly long distances, linking large urban trading centers with rural outlands where many natural resources originated. The map covers 200 years, spanning both the 11th and 12th centuries, and “depicts the main trading arteries of the high Middle Ages, just after the decline of the Vikings and before the rise of the Mongols, the Hansa and well before the Portuguese rounded the Cape of Good Hope. The major goods moving east were enslaved persons, furs, and amber while those traveling west included precious metals, jewels, textiles, and glassware. The text appears: and #1 for Expeditions, Happy Viking crew are smiling on board. Trade in Europe in the early Middle Ages continued to some degree as it had under the Romans, with shipping being fundamental to the movement of goods from one end of the Mediterranean to the other and via rivers and waterways from south to north and vice versa. And silk turns up everywhere — aboard medieval Viking ships sailing out of. However, the extent of international trade in. Explore TV’s Trevor Cochrane returns to the screen with Viking this Sunday at 4:30 pm on Channel Nine with four episodes dedicated to Viking’s 15-day Trade Routes of the Middle Ages voyage. 5: 778: 38: trade routes of the. However, we are “jumping ship” and asking for a full. Curious if anyone has taken the Trade Routes of the Middle Ages cruise. 👋 HELLO! We are traveling on the Viking Venus at the end of September 2023 and looking for ideas. Explore three of Europe’s most picturesque cities: Amsterdam, Bruges and Paris. The Vikings also practiced sorcery and divination. Posted January 19 (edited) 👋 HELLO! We are traveling on the Viking Venus at the end of September 2023 and looking for ideas. Offer AES23: Offer valid on bookings made from Apr 7 to Apr 30, 2023. All rights reserved. Cruise Trade Routes of the Middle Ages Trace medieval routes of commerce during a fascinating 15-day cruise bookended by enriching overnight stays in Bergen and. Trade Routes of the Middle Ages. North Transept Rose Window, c. Book your Bergen to Barcelona ocean cruise through Viking Cruises. Years of instability follow, and although Rome recovers numerous times, this is the beginning of Rome's three-century decline. The Silk Road links east Asia and western Europe at a time when each has, in its own region, a more sophisticated commercial network than ever before. Cruise Trade Routes of the Middle Ages Trace medieval routes of commerce during a fascinating 15-day cruise bookended by enriching overnight stays in Bergen and Barcelona. In the Middle Ages, a significant amount of ware was transferred from Slavic areas to Scandinavia, and Denmark was "a melting pot of Slavic and Scandinavian elements". ,A dizzying array of goods circulated in the Byzantine and early Islamic Middle East along trade networks at the juncture of several continents and bodies of water. Explore three of Europe’s most picturesque cities: Amsterdam, Bruges and Paris. The Celtic trade route probably spread around Europe and the Middle East. The most important centres of trade lay in Italy: the survival of an urban tradition from Roman times, and the continuing links of certain parts of the peninsula with the eastern empire at Constantinople, as well as its geographical position in the centre of the Mediterranean basin, made it the natural place for any large-scale revival of commerce. ideas are welcome!Anyone going on the June 6, 2023 ocean cruise? Or have been on the Trade Route Cruise to offer excursion ideas? Home. It was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. Southern’s book, ‘The Making of the Middle Ages’, offers an in depth study of the development of history in the. Witness Iberian treasures in Porto, Málaga and Cartagena. Viking Age trade routes in north-west Europe. Get available dates and pricing for Trade Routes of the Middle Ages ocean cruises. All cruises through May 31, 2021 have been cancelled. Emperor. Raiding armies would take captives and sell them to private traders who would find buyers in far-flung. Source for information on Timeline of Events in the Middle Ages: Middle. D. 7 of us are booked for the pre extension in Bergan and the post extension in Barcelona. Plain City, Ohio. C. Read real customer reviews of the Trade Routes of the Middle Ages to find out about our award-winning ocean cruises and review your own Viking cruise. Explore three of Europe’s most picturesque cities: Amsterdam, Bruges and Paris. Visit three of Europe’s most picturesque and thriving cities—Amsterdam, Bruges and Paris—and explore England from maritime cities Portsmouth and Falmouth. Any suggestions or preferences starting Bergen vs. . 900 CE. the original day-by-day port of call schedule for the Tuesday, Jun 6, 2023 departure of the Viking Mars. Home; Cruise Deals; Fly/Cruise;Criterion (ii): The trading posts and fortifications on Genoese trade routes stand as an exceptional body of evidence testifying to the considerable exchanges between civilisations promoted by the Genoese in the Middle Ages and the modern age, in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, and which influenced the structure and development of a remarkable. Rurik (also spelled Rorik, Riurik or Ryurik; Church Slavonic: Рюрикъ, romanized: Rjurikŭ; Old Norse: Hrøríkʀ; died 879) was a semi-legendary Varangian chieftain of the Rus' who, according to tradition, was invited to reign in Novgorod in the year 862. They traded in a variety of goods, including furs, amber, slaves, and even walrus ivory. #1. Rivers;. 14 Night Trade Routes Of The Middle Ages. Norsemen were active throughout Europe in the 9th century. Religion in the Middle Ages, though dominated by the Catholic Church, was far more varied than only orthodox Christianity. Historical reenactment of women working with. The name "Silk Road", first coined in the late. They developed the term "middle. Salt was an integral part of medieval life: not only is some salt a necessary part of a human diet, but it’s also essential for preserving food such as meat, seafood, and dairy products in the. Today, Viking proudly carries on this tradition, providing a glimpse into the spirit of Norway with elegant ships built for discovery. Slavery did not last past the Middle Ages. The Rus. com Save up to $100 on your next cruiseRiver Cruise Winner: Viking. Overview. Join. Movies about Medieval Spain, Barbary Pirates or the Arab slave trade on the Indian Ocean, east Africa or Meditaranean. Explore Málaga, gateway to Granada’s. The Italian trade routes that covered the Mediterranean and beyond were also major conduits of culture and knowledge. Tuesday - May 21, 2024. 67. Other trade routes of the 8th to the 11th centuries are shown in orange. From river ships in Europe, Southeast Asia, Egypt, and along the Mississippi to 930-guest ocean ships that sail the world, Viking offers a tremendous variety of itineraries and. A map showing the late medieval trade routes by land and sea across Europe and Western Asia. Explore three of Europe’s most picturesque cities: Amsterdam, Bruges and Paris. New, elegant small ships with only 930 guests. The conditions were beginning to change, and trade between Christian and Muslim realms expanded (although still marred by a state of. On Viking’s river cruises (some as long as 23 days), passengers can learn about handcrafted porcelain along the Elbe River, admire 10th-century Cambodian Hindu temples on a trip down the Mekong, or meet a local Ukrainian family during a journey on the Dnieper. Explore three of Europe’s most picturesque cities: Amsterdam, Bruges and Paris. See details and pricing for the Viking Mars 14 Night Trade Routes of the Middle Ages Cruise sailing June 6, 2023 from Barcelona. Light snacks and coffee in the ship's lounge, etc. Call on England from Portsmouth and Falmouth. Learn. Call on canal-laced Amsterdam, historic Bruges and elegant Paris. The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500 to AD 1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). Vikings were renowned for their ships, which were an integral part of their culture, facilitating, trade, exploration, and warfare. 15 Days | 10 Guided Tours | 7 Countries Trace medieval routes of commerce during a fascinating 15-day cruise, bookended by enriching overnight stays in Bergen and Barcelona. Explore three of Europe’s most picturesque cities: Amsterdam, Bruges and Paris. The Viking discoveries were little known to other Europeans of the Middle Ages. A confluence of interesting factors helped bring these markets together to encourage commercial activity:Between the 8th and 11th century (the Viking Age), Europe saw significant technological advances, not all of them Scandinavian – the Anglo-Saxons, Frisians and Franks were equal players. ” The Vikings were equal opportunity traders and raiders. Itinerary: Trade Routes of the Middle Ages. The remains reveal the dual historical function of this route: It was once a significant passageway for moving local livestock between grazing sites as. See low rates on this 14 Night Viking Oceans Europe departing Bergen 9/9/2024 on the Viking Sky. Journey along timeless trade routes. On this itinerary, your Viking Resident Historian is delivering the following iconic lectures: Trace medieval routes of commerce during a fascinating 15-day cruise bookended by enriching overnight stays in Bergen and Barcelona. svg 800 × 524;. Read what our guests have to say about this itinerary. Oceans. Product city. Viking Star Sea Trials (6:12) Viking. Witness Iberian treasures in Porto, Málaga and Cartagena. . Pre-Viking Scandinavia was initially focused mostly on fishing and agriculture. Sign up to receive updates from Viking Stay current with special offers, news and destination-focused content. Our new fleet of sister ships are purpose-built at a scale that allows direct access into small and large ports alike. We argue that the Scandinavian Bronze Age travellers also used some of these rivers (Rhine and Weser) as trade routes as trade routes. This meant that Viking. Call on England from the historic ports of Portsmouth and Falmouth and admire the neoclassical gems of the wine-making city of Porto. However, the Vikings established many trade routes throughout Europe. (2) the middle class. They also voyaged as far as the Mediterranean,. gunpowder. Furs, including those of sable, fox, and beaver, were in demand. These trading routes developed where?, What were the major trade patterns of the Eastern hemisphere from 1000 - 1500?, How did trade facilitate the diffusion of goods and ideas. If they found an unprotected church or monastery, they’d raid. Over the next three centuries, they would leave. 5. However, we are “jumping ship” and asking for a full refund. Beginning in 793 CE and continuing on for the next 300 years, the Vikings raided coastal and inland regions in Europe and conducted trade as far as the Byzantine Empire in the east, even serving as the elite Varangian Guard for the Byzantine Emperor. The Primary Chronicle states that Rurik was succeeded by his kinsman Oleg who was regent for his. I highly recommend Viking!!!! *Viking Air offer applies to select Canadian gateways. Being a Canadian in the throes of winter, it’s hard not to contemplate the value of salt, both for roads and for comfort food. See details and pricing for the Viking Venus 14 Night Trade Routes of the Middle Ages Cruise sailing September 30, 2023 from Bergen. Overview. Journey along timeless trade routes. The Gokstad ship is 23 metres long, the largest Viking. They raided French towns including Nantes, Paris, Limoges, Orleans, Tours and Nimes.